What Are Comets Origins and Scientific Findings

Comets are the great mystery items of the solar system. For centuries, people saw them as evil omens, appearing and disappearing. They looked ghostly, even frightening. But, as scientific learning took over from superstition and fear, people learned what comets really are: chunks of ice and dust and rocks. Some never get close to the Sun, but others do, and those are the ones we see in the night sky.   Solar heating and the action of the solar wind change the appearance of a comet drastically, which is why they are so fascinating to observe. However, planetary scientists also treasure comets because they represent a fascinating part of our solar systems origin and evolution. They date back to the earliest epochs the history of the Sun and planets and thus contain some of the oldest materials in the solar system.   Comets in History and Exploration Historically,  comets  have been referred to as dirty snowballs since they are large chunks of ice mixed with dust and rock particles. Interestingly, it has only been in the past hundred years or so that the idea of comets as icy bodies was ultimately proved to be true. In more recent times, astronomers have viewed comets from Earth, as well as from spacecraft. Several years ago, a mission called Rosetta actually orbited the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and landed a probe on its icy surface.   The Origins of Comets Comets come from distant reaches of the solar system, originating in places called Kuiper belt  (which extends out from the orbit of Neptune, and the  Oà ¶rt cloud  which forms the outermost part of the solar system. Comet orbits are highly elliptical, with one focus at the Sun and the other end at a point sometimes well beyond the orbit of Uranus or Neptune. Occasionally a comets orbit will take it directly on a collision course with one of the other bodies in our solar system, including the Sun. The gravitational pull of various planets and the Sun also shape their orbits, making such collisions more likely as the comet makes more trips around the Sun.   The Comet Nucleus The primary part of a comet is known as the nucleus. Its a mixture of mostly ice, bits of rock, dust and other frozen gases. The ices are usually water and frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice). The nucleus is very hard to make out when the comet is closest to the Sun because its surrounded by a cloud of ice and dust particles called the coma. In deep space, the naked nucleus reflects only a small percentage of the Suns  radiation, making it almost invisible to detectors.  Typical comet nuclei vary in size from about 100 meters to more than 50 kilometers (31 miles) across. Theres some evidence that comets may have delivered water to Earth and other planets early in the solar systems history. The Rosetta mission measured the type of water found on Comet 67/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, and found that its water was not quite the same as Earths. However, more study of other comets is needed to prove or disprove just how much water comets may have made available to the planets.   The Comet Coma and Tail As comets approach the Sun, radiation begins to vaporize their frozen gases and ice, creating a cloudy glow around the object. Known formally as the coma, this cloud can extend many thousands of kilometers across. When we observe comets from Earth, the coma is often what we see as the head of the comet. The other distinctive part of a comet is the tail area. Radiation pressure from the Sun pushes material away  from the comet, forming two tails.  The first tail is the dust tail, while the second is the plasma tail — made up of gas that has been evaporated from the nucleus and energized by interactions with the solar wind. Dust from the tail gets left behind like a stream of bread crumbs, showing the path the comet has traveled through the solar system. The gas tail is very tough to see with the naked eye, but a photograph of it shows it glowing in a brilliant blue. It points directly away from the Sun and is influenced by the solar wind. It often extends over a distance equal to that of the Sun to the Earth. Short-Period Comets and the Kuiper Belt There are generally two types of comets. Their types tell us their origin in the solar system. The first are comets that have short periods.  They orbit the Sun every 200 years or less. Many comets of this type originated in the Kuiper Belt. Long-period Comets and the Oort Cloud Some comets take more than 200 years to orbit the Sun once. Others can take thousands or even millions of years. The ones with the long periods come from the Oort cloud. It extends more than 75,000 astronomical units away from the Sun and contains millions of comets. (The term astronomical unit is a measurement, equivalent to the distance between Earth and the Sun.) Sometimes a long-period comet will come in toward the Sun and veer off into space, never to be seen again. Others get captured into a regular orbit that brings them back again and again.   Comets and Meteor Showers Some comets will cross the orbit that the Earth takes around the Sun. When this happens a trail of dust is left behind.  As Earth traverses this dust trail, the tiny particles enter our atmosphere. They quickly begin to glow as they are heated up during the fall to Earth and create a streak of light across the sky. When a large number of particles from a comet stream encounters Earth, we experience a  meteor shower. Since the comet tails are left behind in specific locations along Earths path, meteor showers can be predicted with great accuracy. Key Takeaways Comets are chunks of ice, dust, and rock that originate in the outer solar system. Some orbit the Sun, others never get closer than the orbit of Jupiter.The Rosetta Mission visited a comet called 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It confirmed the existence of water and other ices on the comet.A comets orbit is called its period.  Comets are observable by both amateur and professional astronomers.

What New Factors Contribute For Prolonging Conflict Dynamics

What new factors contribute to prolonging conflict dynamics? Ellsworth (1999) stated that â€Å"ethnicity and religious affiliation are the two highest ranked identity makers for a vast majority of Nigerians than other indices such as state, national, ECOWAS and African identity†. His research revealed that â€Å"northerners are more inclined towards religious identification, and southerners are likely to rank ethnicity first, ethnicity was discovered to be the second highest ranked identity country-wide after religion, with state and national identity coming third and fourth, respectively† (Ellsworth, 1999). This finding introduces a complex dimension to the Jos crisis since the indigenes are predominantly Christians and the settlers, are mostly†¦show more content†¦The South African example, has stimulated the idea of a permanent Court of Arbitration in the African region.† Adopting such in Jos may be successful. Actors Who are the main actors? In the context of the crisis in Jos, the players and actors vary, the politicization of justice and ethnic bigotry play a part in the consistent crisis. The local heads in the case of religion-driven violence, are in most cases players, while the youths among them actively participate in violent crimes. Hagazi states that, â€Å"in the rural areas, there has also been widespread violence between Berom farmers and Fulani pastoralists† (Higazi, 2011). Consequently, community leaders/traditional leaders are also involved. Rival politicians also in their attempt to render rivals incompetent fabricate chaotic scenarios that opponents have to grapple with. Observers of intractable ethnic disputes like Hall frequently suggest that â€Å"group with different socio-cultural backgrounds, often get into conflict because of the gap created by communication or their ability to effectively communicate† (Hall, 1959). 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SOPHOCLESS ANTIGONE A FEMINIST REPRESENTATION - 2101 Words

A woman who rebelled against a distinctively patriarchal, male-dominated Greek society. A woman who defied the orders of the King to follow her heart. A woman who acted in accordance with her sense of right and wrong. A woman with great reverence for relationships and an even greater allegiance towards family values. Such a woman deserves applause. A rebel. A legend. An example. A woman. Antigone. Sophocles’ Antigone has as its backdrop a very rigid and conservative Greek society and Greek culture when it was certainly against the norm of a typical ancient Greek woman to rebel against a male authority. And therein lies the reason to believe that Sophocles’ protagonist in Antigone showed signs of early feminism. Antigone dared to raise†¦show more content†¦Even in today’s world, such conflicts are manifested, particularly in poor countries, without a resolution in such a long and drawn out social dilemma. The treatment of women has been an issue for hundreds of years. In ancient civilizations, women were seen as inferior beings. In Ancient Greece, women had no social, political, or economic importance. Socially, women were considered to be secondary to men, who were respected and honored. According to ancient Greek culture, women could not be independent, and relied entirely on the men in their lives. A woman’s role in ancient Greek society was to bear children, prepare meals, and watch after the household. A man however, fulfilled the â€Å"important† duties in Greek society. These duties included political advocacy fighting battles, protecting his family. In Ancient Greece, feminism was unheard of. Women lived in fear of speaking out against men, and would not dare contradict the ways of society. Women feared facing physical abuse, angering the gods, and sometimes death. So, this was Greek society and Greek culture. Rigid, conservative. It was a society when it was certainly against the norm of a typical ancient Greek woman to rebel against a male authority. And this is reason to believe that Sophocles’ namesake in Antigone may have shown signs of early feminism. Antigone

Environmental Uncertainty and Innovation Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Uncertainty and Innovation Performance. Answer: Introduction In the present business scenario, contemporary business organizations are opting for international business to expand their market share and increase the revenue turnover. With the help of globalization and technology advancement, entering in the global market has become easier than ever (Dunning, 2012). However there are few issues that are to be faced by the organizations in operating in the international market. Thus, it is important for the organizations in the global business to determine various factors which can affect their business potentiality. TechnologyOne is one of the leading organizations operating in the field of information technology. They are based in Australia and offering various software solutions to their clients. It is being founded in 1987 and they are currently enjoying the status of market leader in the Australian market (About Us | TechnologyOne, 2017). With having their home market and capital infrastructure are being established, it is the perfect time for them to enter in to the global market. China is one of the largest markets for the software providers across the globe due to the fact that it comprise of the leading organizations in the world. Thus, entering the market of China will be the effective target market for TechnologyOne. This report will discuss about the potentiality of TechnologyOne in entering the market of China. In addition, the competitive advantages of them and their probable competitors will be conducted to determine their potentiality. External environment will be analyzed for them in order to identify the key environmental challenges to be faced by them in the new market. Analysis of External environment External environment of the host country for TechnologyOne which is China will be evaluated with the help of PESTLE analysis. According to the pestle analysis, the first aspect to be considered is the political environment. The political environment of China is complicated yet stable (Jadhav, 2012). This is due to the reason that, China follows the autocratic communist form of government. Thus, the political environment is not liberal and democratic. However, the political structure of China is stable due to the fact that government of China is initiating various business friendly initiatives to attract foreign investments. Moreover, their initiation for generating innovations helped them to be the innovation hub for the world. The next aspect is the economical environment. The economy of the China is still in the developing stage; however, China is the leading developing countries in the world with having growth rate more than some of the developed countries (Bradley et al., 2012). Thus, TechnologyOne will have huge opportunities in effectively operating their business in the Chinese market. However, on the other hand, challenges will be there for them regarding the strict regulations of the Chinese government. The next factor is the social environment. China is having the huge population in the world and they are driven by innovations and technology (Oke, Walumbwa Myers, 2012). Moreover, availability of the cheap and skilled employees will help the organization in effectively setting up their operation facility in China. Technological environment is the next aspect to be considered. As discussed earlier, China is one of leading countries in terms of technologies. Majority of the latest technologies and inventions are being initiated there. Thus, TechnologyOne will have the access of latest innovations and technologies. The next factor is the environmental factor. China is having some of the most stringent policies regarding the environment and climate change. However, it will not directly affect the business potential of TechnologyOne due to the fact that emission of pollutants is not relative with their operations. However, China is the largest emitter of pollutants and thus it may have adverse effect in their business in the long term. The last aspect to be considered is the legal environment. China is having stable and effective legal structure and system with having business and investment friendly legislations (Chow, 2015). However, there are instances and criticisms generated in the past regarding their legal systems and policies. Thus, being a foreign investor, it should be well considered by TechnologyOne before entering the market of China. Market analysis Chins is currently leading the world in the field of information technology. There are a few reasons behind their leadership status. One of the key reasons is the development of technologies and innovations in rapid rate (Orr Roth, 2012). In the current business scenario, China is known as the innovation hub of the world. Another key reason is the availability of the cheap and skilled employees and other resources. It is being estimated that the information technology industry in china will be leveraged further by the initiation various global organizations in China. Thus, the market for the new software solution is rising which is good opportunities for TechnologyOne. However, one of the key challenges that TechnologyOne will face in the Chinese market is the presence of various leading and established organizations offering software solutions. This is due to the reason that China is having huge number of skilled employees which are being available at a lower cost (Varma, 2013). Moreover, China is also the hub for global outsourcing of jobs from the developed countries. This factor also motivated several organizations in having their software development center here in China. Thus, the competition for TechnologyOne is more intense in the Chinese market than on the Australian market. The major competitors in this market are the Software AG, Actio, Hartung and Instem. The key competitive advantages of these organizations are the cost effectiveness and wider audience (Wagner III Hollenbeck, 2014). These organizations are leveraging the opportunity of low employee cost and driving innovation to the fullest. Moreover, they are catering to wider audien ce compared to TechnologyOne. On the other hand, the key competitive advantages for TechnologyOne are their retention rate of the customers. According to the data available, the customer retention rate of TechnologyOne is 99 percent. Thus, it will help in generating positive word of mouth from the existing customers (Khan, 2012). Moreover, their customer list comprises of various government institutions which is a good evidence of their service reliability. All these factors will help them in tapping in the Chinese market more effectively. Probable challenges With having huge opportunities in entering the market China, TechnologyOne will also may face various challenges and issues that can be generated from their international business. One of the key probable issues is determining the cultural aspect of the host country (Kraidy, 2017). In the case of TechnologyOne, the cultural environment in their host country and home country is quite different. In addition, the political structure and system of both the country is also different. Thus, it will be a challenge for them to effectively adhere to the different rules and regulations. Management of the human resource may also face some issues due to the difference in culture of two countries (Stahl, Bjorkman Morris, 2012). Thus, organizational cultures that are viable in the Australian region may not get succeed in the Chinese market. The requirement of the Australian and Chinese employees is different and it will be a challenge for the organization to effectively meet the diversified requi rement in the global market. The choice of the entry mode should also be taken accurately by TechnologyOne in entering the market of China. This due to the reason, that a huge financial risk is being involved in entering the market of a new country (Laufs Schwens, 2014). Thus, TechnologyOne should consider the effective entry mode strategy to enter the Chinese market. It can be recommended that, the most effective entry mode strategy for TechnologyOne will be the joint venture. This is due to the reason that, in the case of joint venture, the business risk involved with them will get reduced and will be divided among the participating organizations (Ertug et al., 2013). In addition, the domestic organization in the joint venture will have the more knowledge about the local market than that of TechnologyOne. Thus, it will help them in effective determination of the market requirement. In the international business, entering in the foreign country will not only help the organization in gaining the market share and setting up the business there. Determination of the partners in the organization such as suppliers should also be effectively accomplished (Tang, Yang Wu, 2016). This is due to the reason that, in the foreign country the effectiveness and the approach of the partners will be different compared to the home country. Thus, TechnologyOne should determine the sourcing of their resources before setting up their operations in the Chinese market. Thus, TechnologyOne will face challenge in sourcing the suppliers and other raw materials for their operations in China. International political relationship is also an important factor to be considered by the organizations entering in the global business. This is due to the reason that, the political relationship between the home and host country of the particular organization should be favorable enough in order to effectively promote the business potential of the organizations (Dunn, 2016). In case of TechnologyOne, the relationship between the Australia and China will be a determining factor for their outcome of their business. If the relationship between the two countries gets degraded then it will have adverse impact in the business performance of them. It may influence the Chinese government to impose sanctions on the Australian organization which will create obstacles in the business operation of TechnologyOne. Thus the risk of international political scenario is also applicable for them. Competitiveness of TechnologyOne Having analyzed the external environment of the host country of TechnologyOne along with identifying the probable issues that may be faced by them, it is the time to determine the competitiveness of TechnologyOne in operating their business in the foreign countries. SWOT analysis will be done to identify the strengths and weaknesses of them. The strength of TechnologyOne includes the customer loyalty. As discussed earlier, the retention rate of TechnologyOne is 99 percent. Thus, the existing customers are highly satisfied with their solutions. It will act as competitive advantages in attracting the existing customers. Another strength being identified is their establishment in the Australian market. They are currently leading the market in Australia and thus it will provide them the necessary push by having access to the resources in setting up the operation in the foreign market. Market share of TechnologyOne outside the Australian region is less and they do not have global existence. Thus, the brand value of them is limited to the Australian region only. It will create barrier in developing their market in the new regions. Another weakness of them is the pricing strategy. TechnologyOne is not known for their price effectiveness unlike the other software solution organizations from the developing economies. Thus, this will not make them to stay ahead in the competition. Moreover, in the market like China, price is an important factor to be considered. The growth rate of the global information technology sector is positive and is increasing rapidly. Thus, in the global market, TechnologyOne is having huge opportunities to grab. In the current business scenario, more and more organizations and institutions is going digital and technology friendly which further increasing the requirement for the digital solutions. Thus, the market for them is growing. Adhering to the different and diverse regulations in the global market is a big challenge for them in operating in the international market. Entry of the competitors from the developing economies which are providing more cost effective services are gaining more market share. Another issue being identified is the increase in the cost of production which will further increase the cost of the service. Conclusion Having discussed the external market situation of TechnologyOne in operating in the Chinese market, it can be concluded that they are having huge opportunities in entering the market of China. However, there are various issues also being identified which may be faced by them. Thus, it is important for them to overcome these challenges effectively in order to grab the opportunities. The competitiveness of TechnologyOne are also been analyzed here in this report. It shows that they have certain threats and weaknesses in their way which however can be overcome. It is being expected that effective implementation of the entry mode strategy and other strategies will help them to gain more market share in the global market. Reference About Us | TechnologyOne. (2017).Technologyonecorp.com. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.technologyonecorp.com/about-us Bradley, S. W., McMullen, J. S., Artz, K., Simiyu, E. M. (2012). Capital is not enough: Innovation in developing economies.Journal of Management Studies,49(4), 684-717. Chow, D. (2015).The Legal System of the People's Republic of China in a Nutshell, 3d. West Academic. Dunn, D. H. (Ed.). (2016).Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The evolution of international summitry. Springer. Dunning, J. H. (2012).International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business). Routledge. Ertug, G., Cuypers, I. R., Noorderhaven, N. G., Bensaou, B. M. (2013). Trust between international joint venture partners: Effects of home countries.Journal of International Business Studies,44(3), 263-282. Jadhav, P. (2012). Determinants of foreign direct investment in BRICS economies: Analysis of economic, institutional and political factor.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,37, 5-14. Khan, I. (2012). Impact of customer satisfaction and retention on customer loyalty.International Journal of Scientific Technology Research,1(2), 106-110. Kraidy, M. (2017).Hybridity, or the cultural logic of globalization. Temple University Press. Laufs, K., Schwens, C. (2014). Foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review and future research agenda.International Business Review,23(6), 1109-1126. Oke, A., Walumbwa, F. O., Myers, A. (2012). Innovation strategy, human resource policy, and firms' revenue growth: The roles of environmental uncertainty and innovation performance.Decision Sciences,43(2), 273-302. Orr, G., Roth, E. (2012). A CEOs guide to innovation in China.McKinsey Quarterly,1, 74-83. Stahl, G. K., Bjrkman, I., Morris, S. (Eds.). (2012).Handbook of research in international human resource management. Edward Elgar Publishing. Tang, C. S., Yang, S. A., Wu, J. (2016). Sourcing from suppliers with financial constraints and performance risk. Varma, A. (2013).Managing human resources in Asia-Pacific(Vol. 20). Routledge. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.